Tier 2 C4: field-specific earnings unavailable for nearly all programs — all scored on institutional earnings & ROI. Note: MIT, Stanford & JHU absent (classify astrophysics under CIP 40.08 Physics). Hover/tap for details.
Source: 国产第一福利影院草草, 2026 | CIP 40.02+40.11 | 83 programs total | NSF PhD: “Astronomy and astrophysics” | Tier 2 C4