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A data-driven guide for students and families navigating one of the biggest financial decisions of college: choosing a field of study.

Every fall, millions of families sit around kitchen tables wrestling with the same questions. Which colleges should we visit? Can we afford the tuition? Is the financial aid package good enough? But buried beneath the anxiety about where to go to college is a question that may matter just as much—or more—for a graduate’s long-term financial future: What should I study?

New data from the U.S. Department of Education’s College Scorecard, updated in November 2025, makes the stakes astonishingly clear. Among bachelor’s degree holders, the median graduate in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences earns over $100,000 four years after finishing their degree. The median Dance major earns under $29,000. That’s a gap of more than $81,000—and it’s not an outlier. Across nearly 400 fields of study tracked by the federal government, earnings outcomes vary so dramatically that your choice of major can easily outweigh your choice of school when it comes to what you’ll earn in those critical early-career years.

This isn’t an argument that everyone should become an engineer. But it is an argument that students and families deserve to walk into the major-selection process with their eyes wide open—armed with the same caliber of data they’d use to compare colleges themselves.

The Big Picture: A Six-Figure Spread

The College Scorecard tracks actual earnings reported to the IRS for graduates who are working and not enrolled in further education. It’s not a survey and it’s not self-reported—it’s real tax data, making it one of the most reliable sources of post-college earnings information available anywhere.

When we look at bachelor’s degree programs with enough data to draw meaningful conclusions (at least 10 institutions reporting), a striking pattern emerges.

The fifteen highest-earning fields are dominated by engineering disciplines and computer science. Computer Engineering graduates earn a median of $93,398 four years out. Computer Science isn’t far behind at $90,238. Petroleum Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemical Engineering—they’re all clustered in the $85,000–$94,000 range.

At the other end? Visual and Performing Arts fields, along with several humanities and service-oriented degrees, form the lowest-earning cluster. Drama and Theatre Arts graduates earn a median of just $29,664. Fine and Studio Arts: $34,524. Music: $34,625.

But here’s what makes this more complicated than a simple “pick STEM” narrative: notice that Pharmacy tops the entire list at $100,625, and Construction Management ($81,890) outearns most engineering specialties. Meanwhile, fields like Nursing and other health professions are solidly middle-to-upper tier. The story isn’t just about STEM versus the arts—it’s about understanding the specific labor market your degree connects you to.

Beyond the Headline Number: The Range Within Fields

One of the most useful things the Scorecard data reveals is how much earnings vary within broad categories—not just between them.

Engineering graduates cluster tightly at the top, with relatively little variation. Whether you studied Chemical, Mechanical, or Electrical Engineering, your median outcome falls in a fairly narrow band between $77,000 and $90,000. Computer and Information Sciences are similarly concentrated.

But look at Health Professions. The median is a healthy $61,137—but the 25th-to-75th percentile spread runs from about $48,000 to over $71,000. That’s because “health professions” encompasses everything from Nursing (strong earnings) to certain therapy and counseling fields (more modest). A student who says “I want to go into healthcare” could land anywhere in a $23,000 range depending on their specific program.

Business tells a similar story. The broad category median of $57,808 sounds solid, but outcomes span from roughly $50,000 to nearly $68,000. An Accounting or Finance graduate will likely out-earn a Marketing or Management graduate by a meaningful margin.

The takeaway for families: Don’t stop at the broad category. Drill down into the specific program. Two students in the same “school of business” can graduate into very different economic realities.

The Slow Burn: Why Starting Salary Isn’t the Whole Story

One of the most underappreciated dimensions of the Scorecard data is that it tracks earnings at multiple points in time—one year out, four years out, and (in the institution-level data) all the way out to eleven years. This reveals something important: some fields with modest starting salaries experience dramatic earnings growth, while others that start higher may grow more slowly.

Communication Disorders Sciences—the field that prepares speech-language pathologists—is perhaps the most striking example. Graduates earn a median of just $24,702 one year after finishing their bachelor’s degree. But by year four, that jumps to $51,942—a growth rate of over 110%. What’s happening? Many of these graduates spend their first year or two completing a required master’s degree, then enter a well-compensated professional workforce.

Neurobiology and Physiology show a similar pattern, with roughly 70% earnings growth as graduates complete medical or graduate training and enter practice. Even English Literature graduates see a 77% bump, likely reflecting the time it takes for versatile liberal-arts skills to translate into career traction.

Compare that to Computer Engineering, where graduates start at a lofty $78,964 but “only” grow 18% to $93,398 by year four. The starting salary is extraordinary, but the growth curve is shallower—because these graduates are already landing well-paying technical roles right out of school.

What this means for students: A relatively low starting salary doesn’t always signal a dead end. Some career paths require additional training, credentialing, or on-ramp time before earnings catch up. Before writing off a field based on its year-one number, look at the trajectory.

Three Things to Keep in Mind Before You Panic

1. Earnings aren’t everything.

This should go without saying, but it’s worth saying anyway. The Scorecard measures income. It doesn’t measure job satisfaction, work-life balance, sense of purpose, or the intrinsic value of mastering a discipline you love. A Music graduate earning $34,625 who wakes up excited about their work every morning may be making a perfectly rational choice. The point of this data isn’t to rank the worthiness of human pursuits—it’s to ensure that financial outcomes aren’t a surprise.

2. These are medians, not destinies.

A median is the midpoint: half of graduates earn more, half earn less. Within every field, there are high earners and low earners. The 75th-percentile Drama major likely out-earns the 25th-percentile Business major. Individual outcomes depend on talent, ambition, geography, networking, graduate education, and a hundred other variables the Scorecard can’t capture. Use this data as a compass, not a crystal ball.

3. The institution matters too—but maybe less than you think.

The Scorecard also provides field-of-study earnings broken down by institution, and yes, a Computer Science degree from a top research university will likely yield different results than the same degree from a small regional college. But across most fields, the choice of field explains more of the earnings variance than the choice of school. A Nursing degree from a modestly ranked state university will almost certainly out-earn a Film Studies degree from an elite private college. Families spending sleepless nights over the prestige gap between their second- and third-choice schools might find more peace—and financial clarity—by shifting some of that energy to the major-selection conversation.

How to Use This Data

The College Scorecard is free and publicly available at collegescorecard.ed.gov. Here’s how to make it work for your family:

Compare specific programs, not just schools. When you’re evaluating colleges, pull up the Scorecard data for each institution and look at the earnings outcomes for the specific programs you’re considering—not just the school-wide average. A university with a modest overall earnings figure might have a standout Nursing or Engineering program.

Look at multiple time horizons. Don’t fixate on the one-year or even four-year number. If a field shows strong earnings growth over time, that’s a signal of long-term career viability, even if the starting salary looks modest.

Factor in debt. Earning $85,000 with $25,000 in student loans is a very different situation from earning $85,000 with $120,000 in loans. The Scorecard provides debt data by program, too—cross-reference it with earnings to get a fuller picture of the return on investment.

Have the conversation early. Too many families treat major selection as something that happens after enrollment. But if your financial plan for college depends on certain post-graduation earnings assumptions, the major conversation needs to happen before you commit. A student entering a $60,000-per-year private university planning to major in a field with a $30,000 median starting salary is making a fundamentally different financial bet than one entering with a high-earning field in mind.

The Bottom Line

The gap between the highest- and lowest-earning bachelor’s degree fields is not a few thousand dollars. It’s $81,000—and it shows up within four years of walking across the stage. That doesn’t mean every student should chase the highest-paying major. But it does mean that choosing a field of study is one of the most consequential financial decisions a young person will make, and it deserves the same rigor, research, and honest family conversation that we bring to every other part of the college process.

The data is there. Use it.

Data source: U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard, released November 2025. Analysis limited to bachelor’s degree programs with earnings data from at least 10 reporting institutions. Earnings figures represent median annual earnings of graduates who are working and not enrolled in further education. All figures are in nominal dollars.